A Digital Catalogue of the
Pre-1500 Manuscripts and Incunables of the
Canterbury Tales
Second Edition
THE HOOKED-g SCRIBES
The table below lists the MSS attributed to the “Hooked-g scribes”:
Bodleian MS Lyell 31 |
|
Confessio Amantis |
Oxford, Magdalen College MS 213 |
|
Confessio Amantis |
British Library MSS Harley 7184 |
|
Confessio Amantis |
Folger Shakespeare Library MS |
|
Confessio Amantis |
Ds¹ |
|
Canterbury Tales |
Tc¹ |
|
Canterbury Tales |
Ra³ |
|
Canterbury Tales |
British Library MS |
|
Troy Book |
Princeton University Library, Taylor MS 6 |
|
Trevisa, Polychronicon
|
Lambeth Palace MS 256 |
|
Fall of Princes |
British Library MS |
|
Fall of Princes |
Bodleian MS Hatton 2 |
|
Fall of Princes |
Takamiya MS 30note
|
|
Fall of Princes |
The following three fragments are from a single MS:
Plimpton 255note Takamiya MS 79note Lewis MS T.15/487 |
|
Fall of Princes |
Linne R. Mooney, Holly James-Maddocks, and I have arrived at the following taxonomy of scribal
hands:
Scribe 1
British Library MS Add. 21410 |
|
Hand A = fols. 1-25 |
Bodleian MS Hatton 2 |
|
Hand B fols. 24-24v, 34-41v, 66-73v
|
Bodleian MS Lyell 31 |
|
entire MS |
Princeton University Library, Taylor MS 6 |
|
entire MS |
Scribe 2
Bodleian MS Hatton 2 |
|
Hand A = fols. 1-23v, 25-33v, 42-65v, 74-169 |
British Library MS Add. 21410 |
|
Hand C = fols. 31va (line 20)-31vb,
32 (line 39)-32va (line 12), 33va (lines 29-33), 34rb (lines 1-21), 37ra
(lines 44-48), 43, 44ra (line 15)-44vb (line 28),
47vb-48, 50vb (lines 36-49), 51rb (lines 1-21) |
British Library MS Royal 18 D.VI |
|
entire MS
|
Oxford, Magdalen College MS 213 |
|
Hand A = pages 1-3b (line 6), 5a-end |
Folger Library V.b.29 |
|
Hand B = pp. 36a, 37-40, 42a-b, 46a, lines 4-51, 47b, lines 25-50, 53-350 |
Takamiya MS 24 (Ds¹) |
|
entire MS |
Trinity College, Cambridge MS R.3.3 (Tc¹) |
|
entire MS |
Lambeth Palace MS 256 |
|
entire MS |
Bodleian MS Lyell 31 |
|
entire MS |
Plimpton 255 Takamiya MS 79
Lewis MS T.15/487
|
|
|
Takamiya MS 30 |
|
|
The following two MSS are probably by Scribe 2, copied at a later point in his
career:
British Library MSS Harley 7184 |
|
entire MS |
MS Rawlinson poet. 223 (Ra³)
|
|
entire MS |
Scribe 3
Folger Library V.b.29 |
|
Hand A = copies the English text of quires 1–3 (except for col. a on p. 36),
pp. 41, 42b line 34–46a line 3, 46b–47b line 25, 48–52; copies the Latin text of quire 1 in
rubric and quires 4–19 in rubric |
London, British Library, Additional 21410 |
|
Hand B = fols. 25v–31va (line 19), 32,
32va (line 13)–44ra (line 14), 44vb (line 29)–47va, 48va–51ra, 51rb (line 22)–168rb (except for f.59a,
lines 22–23, added by Hand D)
|
Scribe 4
Oxford, Magdalen College Lat. 213 |
|
Hand B = pp. 3b (line 7)–4 |
London, British Library, Additional 21410 |
|
Hand D = fols. 59ra (lines 22–23)
|
Scribe 5
Oxford, Exeter College 129 |
|
entire MS |
London, British Library, Harley 3943 |
|
Hand D = fols. 71-116 |
Manly-Rickert observed that the format, decoration, hand, and language of
Ds¹, and
Tc¹ suggested they were “doubtless the product
of the same shop” (1:577).
With reference to the Hooked-
g group of MSS (“groups of
copies of
Chaucer,
Gower and
Lydgate from the fifth and sixth decades of the century”),
Doyle and Parkes state that “[s]ome…appear to have been
reproduced from the same exemplars, which suggests that by that time some stationers may have found
it worthwhile on occasion either to retain for a time exemplars of the vernacular works most
commonly in demand, or to commission by way of speculation more copies in anticipation of
purchasers” (1978, p. 201). While the illumination of the MSS appears to have been done by
several artists, probably working on an independent basis (Kathleen
Scott, private communication), the evidence of interaction among some of the scribes
suggests that at least part of the production process was carried out in some kind of
“shop,” perhaps consisting of a master and apprentice(s).
Edwards coined the nickname, “the hooked g
scribe”
note with reference scribe’s
g graph that is characteristically formed with an otiose crescent flourish added to the
tail. The slanting hooked-
g scribe does not always add this hook; in
Ds¹, one
g graph is hooked in the
incipit to the
Shipman’s Tale and another flourished crescent is
added to a correction in
Lydgate’s “Life
of St. Margaret.” The latter appears to be executed by the scribe of
Ra³ and Harley 7184.
If it were not for the fact Scribe 1 and Scribe 2 collaborate on
two manuscripts—Additional 21410 and Hatton 2—it would be tempting to suspect that the crescent flourish represents a
development in single scribe’s script and that the two scribes were in fact one. Clearly,
these two scribes must have worked closely together for such a successful “cross
imitation” to have occurred.
LANGUAGE
Manly-Rickert stated that the dialect of Ds¹ is “East Midland,
by the usual dialect tests” (I:119). The spelling of word-final -
gh as
ӡ, for instance in
I-nouӡ,
y-nouӡ,
sauӡ,
thouӡ, and
throuӡ
could suggest a western localization, but more likely corresponds to forms recorded in Essex, where
sauӡ occurs as a main form and
thouӡ and
throuӡ as minor variables. The forms
yhen (EYES),
youen (GIVEN),
hiere (HEAR),
ougne (OWN),
slain (SLAIN) and
tuo (TWO) are
all forms that Jeremy Smith associates with the language of John Gower (
1985, pp. 168-69;
Samuels and Smith 1988 pp. 13-22), and
thus with Kent or Southwark.
In the Lydgate MSS (and in “The Life of St. Margaret”, Item 2 in Ds¹), the
scribe(s) accommodated the Lydgate spellings for BEFORE and BETWEEN with the forms aforn, toforn,
tofore for the former, and Twen(e),
atwen(e), and atwix or Tuene, and atuene for the latter. The primary form in the Hooked-g
Lydgate manuscripts for THEIR is ther, with the occasional very modern looking
their; Ds¹, however, has the spelling her, as does
Oxford, Exeter College 129, a copy of Lydgate’s Troy Book that appears to have shared an exemplar with British Library, Royal 18 D.VI, which primarily uses the form here. The forms for BEFORE, BETWEEN, and the th- plural
pronoun spellings certainly reflect the archetypal Lydgate tradition. The Hooked-g Gower MSS reflect some additional accommodations to Gower’s spelling system: therwhile as an option for WHILE; or…or for
EITHER…OR; sigh for SAW; and wher/where forms for
WHETHER.
Jeremy Smith explains the distinctive Hooked-
g
scribes’ spelling of
ougne for OWN as a “sub-Gowerian” form
influenced by Gower’s own distinct
oghne (1985, pp. 161-69). Thus, some
spellings in the Hooked-
g scribes’ repertoire are either typical
spellings in the archetypal Gowerian tradition, or are forms that are easily explained as having
been suggested by the expected Gowerian spellings. In general, then, there are certain fixed,
almost standardized, and notably marked spellings that vary little if at all from one MS to another
in this group of manuscripts (
yhen for EYES,
hiere for HEAR,
ougne for OWN,
throuӡ for THROUGH, and
tuo for TWO) and other forms that vary according to the input from the various literary
traditions or exemplars from which the scribe copied. The group’s characteristic forms
coalesce as illustrated on the
Hooked-g Localization Map.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barker, Nicholas, ed. Two East Anglian Picture Books: A Facsimile of the
Helmingham Herbal and Bestiary and Bodleian MS. Ashmole 1504. London: Roxburghe Club, 1988.
Doyle, A. I., and M. B. Parkes. “The Production of Copies of the Canterbury Tales and the Confessio Amantis in the Early Fifteenth Century.” In
Ed. M. B. Parkes and A. G. Watson, eds. Medieval Scribes, Manuscripts, and Libraries: Essays
Presented to N. R. Ker. London: Scolar Press, 1978. 163-210. [201, n. 101, n. 102, n. 103, & n. 104]
Edwards, A. S. G. “A Missing Leaf from the Plimpton Fall of
Princes.” Manuscripta 15 (1971): 29-31.
Edwards, A. S. G. “Lydgate Manuscripts: Some Directions for Future Research.”
In Manuscripts and Readers in Fifteenth-Century England: The Literary Implications of Manuscript
Study, Essays from the 1981 Conference at the University of York. Ed. Derek Pearsall. Cambridge: D. S.
Brewer; Totowa, USA: Biblio Distribution Service. 1983. 15-26.
Edwards, A. S. G., and Derek Pearsall. “The Manuscripts of the Major English Poetic
Texts.” In Jeremy Griffiths and Derek Pearsall, eds. Book Production and Publishing in
Britain, 1375-1475. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 257-78. [at 257-78; 264]
Horobin, Simon. “The ‘Hooked G’ Scribe and His Work on Three Manuscripts
of the Canterbury Tales.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 49
(1998): 411-17.
James-Maddocks, Holly. “The Illuminators of the
‘Hooked-g’ Scribe(s) and the Production of Middle English Literature c. 1460-c.1490.” Chaucer Review 51 (2016): 151-86.
Mooney, Linne R., and Daniel W. Mosser. “The Hooked-g Scribes and Takamiya
Manuscripts.” In Takami Matsuda, Richard A. Linenthal and John Scahill, eds. The
Medieval Book and a Modern Collector: Essays in Honour of Toshiyuki Takamiya. Takami Matsuda, Richard A.
Linenthal and John Scahill, eds. Cambridge and Tokyo: D. S. Brewer & Yushodo Press Ltd, 2004. 179-96.
Mosser, Daniel W. and Linne R. Mooney. “The Case of the Hooked-g Scribe(s) and the Production of Middle English Literature, c. 1460-c. 1490.” Chaucer
Review 51 (2016): 131-50.
Owen, Charles A., Jr. The Manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales.
Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1991. 54-7
Parkes, M. B. English Cursive Book Hands. London: Scolar,
1969. pl. 14 (ii). [Hatton 2, scribe 2]
Preston, Jean F., and Laetitia Yeandle. English Handwriting 1400-1650.
Binghamton NY: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1992. 10
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Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400)
Nationality: English
“…poet and administrator, was probably born in the early 1340s. Neither the date nor the place of his birth can be fixed with certainty. Since in October 1386, in his testimony in the
Scrope v. Grosvenor trial, he described himself as ‘forty and more’, he cannot have been born later than 1345; it is usually assumed that he was born at the beginning of the decade. The precise date of 1343 sometimes given is based on the assumption that at the time of the trial he was forty-two or forty-three and that his further remark, that he had been ‘armed’ (that is, commissioned to bear arms in the king’s service) for twenty-seven years implies that this took place in 1359 when he was sixteen. However, men seem to have been first armed at a variety of ages.…
There is no record of Chaucer after 5 June 1400, and no will survives. Between 28 September 1400 and 28 September in the following year the Westminster tenancy passed to a Master Paul. The traditional date of his death, 25 October 1400, depends upon an inscription placed on a tomb in the abbey in 1556, and may very well be correct. He was buried, according to Caxton, at the entrance to the chapel of St Benedict in Westminster Abbey. The fact that he was not buried in the church or cemetery of St Margaret in the abbey precinct, of which he was a parishioner, but in the abbey itself, suggests that he specifically requested burial in the latter. The sixteenth-century tomb (now in Poets’ Corner) probably contains his remains: ‘bones which were exposed when Robert Browning was buried in the east aisle of the transept in 1889 were measured by the coroner, who estimated that they had belonged to a man about five feet six inches in height’ (Crow, Michael Martin.
Chaucer life-records, edited by Martin M. Crow and Clair C. Olson, from materials compiled by John M. Manly and Edith Rickert with the assistance of Lilian J. Redstone and others. [Austin] University of Texas Press [1966]., 549)” (
DNB).
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John Gower (1325?-1408)
Nationality: English
“…poet, may have been born in the 1330s or 1340s. Although the date of his death can be fixed, and his tomb still survives in Southwark Cathedral (formerly the priory of St Mary Overie), that of his birth is unknown. In a letter to Archbishop Arundel (c.1400) accompanying his Latin poem the
Vox clamantis, Gower describes himself as ‘old’. How old he was is not revealed, but it has been assumed that this and similar references indicate that he was probably over sixty by the turn of the century.…
Gower died in 1408. His will was proved on 24 October. He left bequests to his wife, Agnes, who was one of his executors, to the prior, sub-prior, canons, and servants of St Mary Overie, and to the churches and hospitals of Southwark and the neighbourhood. Among the gifts to the priory was a large book, a
martilogium ‘newly composed at my expense’, in which a memorial for him was to be recorded every day. He was buried in the chapel of St John the Baptist. Though his tomb and effigy is still to be seen, it has been moved twice since 1800, and the chapel has now disappeared. The painting and lettering on the tomb have been restored from earlier descriptions (by Thomas Berthelette, who printed the Confessio amantis in 1532, Leland, and Stow). Under his head was the likeness of three books–the
Speculum meditantis, the
Vox clamantis, and the
Confessio amantis. A Latin inscription identified him as an esquire (
armiger), a famous poet, and a benefactor. According to Stow he was represented with long curling auburn hair and a small forked beard. This seems likely to have been an idealized recollection of the poet in more youthful days (as perhaps are the pictures of him shooting the arrows of satire against the world that appear in two manuscripts of the Vox clamantis). An explicitly identified portrait (effigies Gower esquier) appears in the duke of Bedford’s psalter-hours (after 1414; BL, Add. MS 4213). It shows him as an elderly, almost bald man with white curling hair and a forked beard (Wright, 191); it may have been done from memory. It is one of a series of ten depictions of him in the initials of this Lancastrian manuscript, and some care seems to have been taken in the placing of them with psalms in a way that could recall the Vox clamantis. The figure is similar to the elderly, balding Amans sometimes depicted in manuscripts of the Confessio amantis, for instance in Bodl. Oxf., MS Bodley 902; in others, however (BL, MS Egerton 1991 provides a good example), the penitent is represented as an elegant and youthful figure. Such portraits are meant probably to be general rather than exact ‘likenesses’.
Gower’s poetic reputation has rested almost exclusively on the
Confessio amantis. The number of manuscripts testify to its popularity. Uniquely, it seems, for a Middle English poem it was translated into Portuguese (probably in 1433–8) by Robert Payn, an Englishman in the household of Queen Philippa, the daughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and later a canon at Lisbon, and from that into Castilian prose (after 1428) by Juan de Cuenca. In the fifteenth century Gower’s name is linked with that of Chaucer, and later Lydgate, as one of the ‘masters’ of English poetry. He continued to be praised in the sixteenth century: in Pericles ‘ancient Gower’ is brought back from his ashes to introduce a play based on his story of Apollonius. But his fame did not last, and in spite of Thomas Warton’s full and generous account–‘If Chaucer had not existed, the compositions of John Gower … would alone have been sufficient to rescue the reigns of Edward III and Richard II from the imputation of barbarism’ (Warton, 311)–some nineteenth-century critics simply abused him–he ‘raised tediousness to the precision of science’, according to James Russell Lowell (
My Study Windows, 1871). The Macaulay edition laid the foundation for serious study, and gradually modern criticism has done more justice to his poetic excellence. Chaucer’s epithet ‘moral’ was a very exact one. Gower had a coherent and serious view of the need for love and concord and peace, but he was not always solemn: in his
Confessio amantis especially he brilliantly combined entertainment with doctrine–‘somwhat of lust, somewhat of lore’ (
DNB).
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John Lydgate (1370?-1451?)
Nationality: English
“…poet and prior of Hatfield Regis, was born at Lidgate in Suffolk, ‘wher Bachus licour doth ful scarsli flete’ (
The Fall of Princes, bk 8, l. 194), a few miles south-west of Bury St Edmunds where he was to spend most of his life, and where, presumably, there was a better supply of wine to refresh his ‘drie soule’.…
The date of his birth can be estimated from two references in his works: in the prologue to
The Siege of Thebes (1420–22?) he says he is ‘nygh fyfty yere of age’ (
Siege of Thebes, l. 93), and in
The Fall of Princes (completed in 1438 or 1439) he speaks of his ‘mor than thre score yeeris’ (
Fall of Princes, bk 8, l. 191)–and of his ‘pallid age’ and ‘tremblyng joyntes’.…
Lydgate’s reputation was at its height in the fifteenth century: he is praised again and again, and his name is regularly linked with those of Chaucer and Gower as one of the masters of English poetry. His fame continued through the sixteenth century, but gradually faded. In the eighteenth, interest was rekindled and he received a judicious account in Warton’s History of English Poetry and enthusiastic praise from Thomas Gray (
Some Remarks on the Poems of John Lydgate, 1760). This very sympathetic and thoughtful treatment of his compassion for suffering and his skill in creating scenes of pathos has been eclipsed by the vituperative denunciation of Lydgate by Joseph Ritson in 1802 as ‘this voluminous, prosaick, and driveling monk’, whose works ‘by no means deserve the name of poetry’ (Ritson, 87ff.). Scholarly interest in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Germany and England has produced edited texts of his works, and provided more material for understanding the literary culture that moulded him and which he helped to mould. This undoubtedly voluminous and often uneven poet will probably never recover his contemporary reputation, but at his best he can produce impressive moments and scenes, and is certainly a poet worthy of the name” (
DNB).
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Aberystwyth, Dyfed, United Kingdom
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Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Alnwick, Northumberland, United Kingdom
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Althorp House, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom
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Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
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Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Anglesey, United Kingdom
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Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Auckland, New Zealand
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Austin, Texas, United States
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Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
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Barnstaple, Devon, United Kingdom
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Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
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Bateman’s, Burwash, Sussex, United Kingdom
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Beaupré Hall, Outwell, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
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Bedminster, Somerset, United Kingdom
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Berkeley, California, United States
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Berkshire, United Kingdom
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Bermondsey, Southwark, United Kingdom
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Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States
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Bridgend, Glamorganshire, United Kingdom
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Blackburn, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Boulder, Colorado, United States
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Bristol, United Kingdom
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Buckenham, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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Buffalo, New York, United States
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Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Burnham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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Burwash, Sussex, United Kingdom
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Caernarfon, Kent, United Kingdom
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Caister-on-Sea, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
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Cape of Good Hope, South Africa
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Cape Town, South Africa
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Carbondale, Illinois, United States
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Carlisle, Cumbria, United Kingdom
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Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
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Cheshire, United Kingdom
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Chester, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Clitheroe, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Clun, Shropshire, United Kingdom
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Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
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Columbia, Missouri, United States, Coleraine, Ulster, United Kingdom
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Coleraine, Ulster, United Kingdom
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Cooling, Kent, United Kingdom
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Corby, Northamtonshire, United Kingdom
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Cumberland, United Kingdom
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Dallas, Texas, United States
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Dartmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
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Daventry, Northamtonshire, United Kingdom
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Deene Park, Corby, Northamtonshire, United Kingdom
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DeKalb, Illinois, United States
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Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
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Derbyshire, United Kingdom
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Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Devonshire, United Kingdom
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Dorset, United Kingdom
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Dover, Kent, United Kingdom
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Great Dunmow, Essex, United Kingdom
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Little Dunmow, Essex, United Kingdom
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Dunstable, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
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Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
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East Langdon, Kent, United Kingdom
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Eastry, Kent, United Kingdom
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Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Essex, United Kingdom
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Evanston, Illinois, United States
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Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
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Exeter Cathedraal, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
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Faversham, Kent, United Kingdom
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Fenny Stratford, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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Fonthill, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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Foston, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
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Foxearth, Essex, United Kingdom
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Geneva, Switzerland
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Vale of Glamorgan, United Kingdom
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Glasgow, Strathclyde, United Kingdom
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Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
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Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States
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Greensboro, North Carolina, United States
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Hampshire, United Kingdom
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Hawkedon, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Hawstead, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Helmingham, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Herefordshire, United Kingdom
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Hereford, Herefordshire, United Kingdom
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Hertford, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Monks Horton, Kent, United Kingdom
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Ingestre, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Ipswich, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Ivybridge, Devon, United Kingdom
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Kent, United Kingdom
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Kentwell Hall, Long Melford, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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King’s Lynn, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Latrobe, Pennsylvania, United States
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Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Leek, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Lichfield, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
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Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
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Liverpool, United Kingdom
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London, United Kingdom
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Longleat, Warminster, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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Long Melford, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Ludlow, Shropshire, United Kingdom
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Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
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Maldon, Essex, United Kingdom
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Manchester, United Kingdom
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Middlesex, United Kingdom
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Nantwich, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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Naperville, Illinois, United States
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Nether Heyford, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom
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Newark, Delaware, United States
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New Haven, Connecticut, United States
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New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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New York, New York, United States
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Normal, Illinois, United States
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Northwich, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
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Over Heyford, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom
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Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Northampton, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom
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Northamptonshire, United Kingdom
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Northumberland, United Kingdom
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Ockendon, Essex, United Kingdom
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Olympia, Washington, United States
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Otford, Kent, United Kingdom
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Overstrand, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Oxnead, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Pembrokeshire, United Kingdom
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Penshurst, Kent, United Kingdom
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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Pilton, Devon, United Kingdom
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Pitchford, Shropshire, United Kingdom
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Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
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Potton, Bedforshire, United Kingdom
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Princeton, New Jersey, United States
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Reigate, Surrey, England
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Rochester, New York, United States
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Rotherhithe, Southwark, England
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Stockholm Royal Library (National Library of Sweden), Stockholm, Sweden
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Rutland, United Kingdom
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Saffron Walden, Essex, United Kingdom
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Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
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Saltfleetby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
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San Diego, California, United States
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San Francisco, California, United States
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San Juan, Puerto Rico
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San Marino, California, United States
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Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
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Sevenoaks, Kent, United Kingdom
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Shaugh, Devon, United Kingdom
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Shotesham, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Shropshire, United Kingdom
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Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom
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Somerset, United Kingdom
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Southport, Connecticut, United States
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Southwick, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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Southwark, London, United Kingdom
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Spalding, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
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Spokane, Washington, United States
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Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Stanford, California, United States
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Stonyhurst College, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Sudbury, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Surrey, United Kingdom
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Sussex, United Kingdom
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Tandridge, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Tenterden, Kent, United Kingdom
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Thetford, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Thorpe Mandeville, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom
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Thorpe Market, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Tillingham, Essex, United Kingdom
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Toledo, Ohio, United States
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University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
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Urbana, Illinois, United Kingdom
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Vale Royal, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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Ware, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Wareham, Dorset, United Kingdom
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Warminster, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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Warwick, Warwickshire, United Kingdom
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Warwickshire, United Kingdom
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Washington, D. C., United States
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North Riding, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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West Riding, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Well, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States
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Wellington, Shropshire, United Kingdom
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Wells next-the-Sea, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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Westminster Abbey, London, United Kingdom
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Whitfield, Kent, United Kingdom
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Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States
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Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
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Worcestershire, United Kingdom
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Worcester, Worcestershire, United Kingdom
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Worcester Cathedral, Worcester, Worcestershire, United Kingdom
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Wormer, Netherlands
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Yealmpton, Devon, United Kingdom
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York, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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East Riding of Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Anderson, David, ed. Sixty Bokes Olde and Newe. Knoxville: New
Chaucer Society, n.d.
close
Barker, Nicholas, ed. Two East Anglian Picture Books: A Facsimile of the
Helmingham Herbal and Bestiary and Bodleian MS. Ashmole 1504. London: Roxburghe Club, 1988.
close
Doyle, A. I., and M. B. Parkes. “The Production of Copies of the Canterbury Tales and the Confessio Amantis in the Early Fifteenth Century.” In
Ed. M. B. Parkes and A. G. Watson, eds. Medieval Scribes, Manuscripts, and Libraries: Essays
Presented to N. R. Ker. London: Scolar Press, 1978. 163-210.
close
Edwards, A. S. G. “The Case of the Stolen Chaucer Manuscript.” The Book Collector 21 (1972): 380-85.
close
Edwards, A. S. G. “Fall of Princes.” Times Literary
Supplement. May 5, 1972. 522.
close
Edwards, A. S. G., and Derek Pearsall. “The Manuscripts of the Major English Poetic
Texts.” In Jeremy Griffiths and Derek Pearsall, eds. Book Production and Publishing in
Britain, 1375-1475. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 257-78.
close
Manly, John M., and Edith Rickert, eds. The Text of the Canterbury Tales:
Studied on the Basis of All Known Manuscripts. 8 vols. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1940.
close
Plimpton, George Arthur. The Education of Chaucer, Illustrated from the
School-Books in Use at the Time. London & New York: Oxford University Press, 1935.
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Samuels, M. L., and J. J. Smith. “The Language of Gower.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 82 (1981): 295-304. Rpt. in The English of Chaucer and his
Contemporaries: Essays by M. L. Samuels and J. J. Smith. Ed. J. J. Smith. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University
Press, 1988. 13-22.
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Smith, Jeremy J. “Studies in the Language of Some Manuscripts of Gower’s Confessio Amantis.” Diss. University of Glasgow 1985.
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Sotheby sale catalog. Tuesday, 6 December, 1983, lot 20.
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Takamiya Deposit, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, 121 Wall Street, 06511, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
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A facsimile from this MS appears in
Plimpton
1935, p. 146 (pl. 46), and a facsimile of Philadelphia Free
Library, MS T15/487 appears in
Anderson,
Sixty Bokes Olde and Newe, p. 110.
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In addition to Edwards’ essays cited in the Bibliography and the
Edwards and Pearsall chapter in
Book Production and
Publishing in Britain 1375-1475, the nomenclature has been adopted by
Nicholas Barker (1988, p. 65), wherein he cites the ‘ hooked-g
scribe’ as an example of the “existence of groups of English manuscripts of English
(and Latin) texts written in the fifteenth century and linked by common text and layout.”